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                <text>Application of Macrobenthic Faunal Indices in Assesssing the Ecological Quality Status of Laloi Lagoon of Ghana</text>
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                <text>Rita Esi Ampiaw, Martin Owusu Amoamah, Iddrisu Wahab Abdul, Joseph Dadzie</text>
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                <text>The aim of this study was to assess the macrobenthic fauna structure and use its indices as a tool for characterizing the ecological state of the Laloi lagoon. Thus, a field assessment of the benthos in the Laloi lagoon was carried in January 2012. Four replicate samples were taken at each station contained in three zones and analysed for their structure and composition. Twenty-one (21) species of macrobenthos belonging to 19 genera were identified. The highest number of species belonged to Polychaetes (15 species) followed by Bivalves (6 species) and 1 species of Gastropod. The grain size of sediments and total organic matter as essential factors in distribution and population diversity of macrobenthos communities were also analysed. The results showed that all of the stations were characterized by medium sand to very fine sand. Shannon-Wiener index (H'), species richness (S) and Pielou’s evenness were calculated and they revealed a high species diversity with variability in abundance within stations. The ecological indices, such as (AMBI, M-AMBI, BENTIX and H’) were also applied to the available benthic species data to determine the ecological status of the lagoon. AMBI, M-AMBI, H'and BENTIX gave different results regarding the boundaries for High, Good and Moderate and it was worse when applying H'and BENTIX. However, the index AMBI provided a more suitable evaluation of EcoQS corresponding to ‘slightly polluted’lagoons in compliance with univariate community indices.</text>
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                <text>Optimum crop production and income in Brong Ahafo Region.</text>
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                <text>Kwaku Fordark Darkwa, Kyegabador K Amos, Iddrisu Wahab Abdul</text>
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                <text>This paper seeks to present a proposed linear programming model to determine the best hectare allocation for optimum crop production to ensure food security and reduce poverty among farmers in the region. Five selected crops in fifteen sampled communities in the Brong Ahafo Region were used for this study. The net income per hectare for each crop was used in formulating the objective function and data on available arable land, mean annual rainfall and the area cultivated constitutes the constraints. The revised simplex scheme was employed to determine optimal basic variables.</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Microstructural and physicofunctional characterization of starches from selected cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties developed for pest and disease resistance</text>
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                <text>C Atuobi, E Sakyi-Dawson, S Sefa-Dedeh, EO Afoakwa, AS Budu</text>
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                <text>The microstructure, physico-chemical and functional properties of legume starches affect their cooking quality as well as the texture and rheological behaviour of foods processed from them. Thus, this study sought to establish the microstructural, physico-chemical and functional properties of the native starches of four cowpea varieties-Bengpla, Asetenapa, Asontem and CR-06-07, that have been developed against disease and pest infestation. The starches were extracted from the cowpeas and their gelation capacity, pasting characteristics, solubility, swelling volume and swelling power were studied using standard analytical methods. Microstructures of the starches were examined using light microscopy. Isolated starch granules from the microstructural examination showed irregular shapes with predominance of spheroid and oval forms in varying sizes. Starch granule sizes ranged from 1.9 mm in Asetenapa to 2.9 mm in Asontem. Swelling power, solubility and swelling volume at 95 C was highest in Bengpla with Asetenapa recording the lowest. However Asontem had the highest value in terms of solubility. With the exception of gelation capacity, significant differences (P≤ 0.05) were observed in all the studied parameters amongst the different cowpea varieties. Thus, the cowpea starches showed wide variations in microstructure, physico-chemical and functional properties among the studied varieties and these could be used in the selection of the varieties for specific food processing applications.</text>
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                <text>2011</text>
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                <text>Research Article Modelling Trends of Climatic Variability and Malaria in Ghana Using Vector Autoregression</text>
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                <text>Sylvia Ankamah, Kaku S Nokoe, Wahab A Iddrisu</text>
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                <text>Malaria is considered endemic in over hundred countries across the globe. Many cases of malaria and deaths due to malaria occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is of great public health concern since it affects people of all age groups more especially pregnant women and children because of their vulnerability. This study sought to use vector autoregression (VAR) models to model the impact of climatic variability on malaria. Monthly climatic data (rainfall, maximum temperature, and relative humidity) from 2010 to 2015 were obtained from the Ghana Meteorological Agency while data on malaria for the same period were obtained from the Ghana Health Service. Results of the Granger and instantaneous causality tests led to a conclusion that malaria is influenced by all three climatic variables. The impulse response analyses indicated that the highest positive effect of maximum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on malaria is observed in the months of September, March, and October, respectively. The decomposition of forecast variance indicates varying degree of malaria dependence on the climatic variables, with as high as 12.65% of the variability in the trend of malaria which has been explained by past innovations in maximum temperature alone. This is quite significant and therefore, policy-makers should not ignore temperature when formulating policies to address malaria.</text>
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                <text>2018</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=ECTxVnYAAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=20&amp;amp;pagesize=80&amp;amp;citation_for_view=ECTxVnYAAAAJ:ZeXyd9-uunAC</text>
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                <text>Application of ISO 22000 in comparison with HACCP on industrial processing of milk chocolate.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12183">
                <text>EO Afoakwa, H Mensah-Brown, GK Crentsil, K Frimpong, F Asante</text>
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                <text>Hazard analysis was conducted to identify critical control points (CCPs) during cocoa processing and milk chocolate manufacture and applied into a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) plan. During the process, the different biological, physical and chemical hazards identified at each processing stage in the hazard analysis worksheet were incorporated into the HACCP plan to assess the risks associated with the processes. Physical hazards such as metals, stones, fibres, plastics and papers; chemical hazards such as pesticide residues, mycotoxins and heavy metals; and microbiological hazards such as Staphyloccous aureus, coliforms, Salmonella, Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified. ISO 22000 analysis was conducted for the determination of some pre-requisite programmes (PrPs) during the chocolate processing and compared with the HACCP system. The ISO 22000 Analysis worksheet …</text>
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                <text>2013</text>
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                <text>A combined RNA preservation and extraction protocol for gene expression studies in cacao beans</text>
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                <text>Jocelyn De Wever, Dieter Tulkens, Jan Verwaeren, Helena Everaert, Hayley Rottiers, Koen Dewettinck, Steve Lefever, Kathy Messens</text>
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                <text>Despite the high economic importance of cacao beans, few RNA-based studies have been conducted on this plant material and hence no optimal RNA-extraction has been reported. Moreover, extraction of high-quality RNA from recalcitrant cacao bean tissue has shown many difficulties and requires optimization. Furthermore, cacao beans are mostly found at remote and under-resourced locations, which pressures the outsourcing of such analysis and thereby demands RNA-stable preservation and transportation of cacao beans. This study aims to select an appropriate RNA extraction and preservation/transportation method for cacao beans. For this purpose, three sample homogenization and five extraction protocols on cacao beans were compared. In addition, 13 preservation conditions—differing in tissue crushing degree, preservation method, duration, and temperature—were compared and evaluated. A comparative analysis revealed that CTAB-based homogenization and extraction outcompeted all tested commercial protocols in RNA yield and integrity, respectively. Preservation at −80°C affected RNA quality the least, whereas freeze-drying was most suitable for transportation at room temperature for maximum 1 week. The cacao bean RNA obtained from the selected methods were compatible for downstream applications. The results of this study will facilitate on-field sampling and transportation of genetically sensitive cacao material prior to cacao bean transcriptomic studies. In addition, valuable insights on sample homogenization, extraction, preservation, and transportation have been provided, which is of interest to every plant geneticist.</text>
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                <text>Frontiers Media SA</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;cstart=100&amp;pagesize=100&amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:8moDcb_GFzgC</text>
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A validated HPLC–FLD method for the determination of mycotoxin levels in sun dried fermented cocoa beans: Effect of cola nut extract and powder</text>
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                <text>Vincent Owusu Kyei-Baffour, John Edem Kongor, George Anyebuno, Agnes Simpson Budu, Saalia Kwesi Firibu, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This study investigated mycotoxin concentrations in fermented sun-dried cocoa beans as affected by cola nut powder and cola nut extract using a 2 × 4 full factorial experimental design with treatment type (cola nut powder; cola nut extract) and treatment levels (0 g/5 kg, 50 g/5 kg, 100 g/5 kg and 150 g/5 kg) as principal factors. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels were studied using a validated HPLC – FLD analytical method. There was significant reduction in OTA (p &lt; 0.05) from 8.32 μg/kg to 2.85 μg/kg and 3.02 μg/kg, respectively for the 150 g/5 kg cola nut extract and powder concentrations. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the instrument was estimated as 0.60 μg/kg, 0.50 μg/kg, 0.78 μg/kg, 1.09 μg/kg and 2.30 μg/kg for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and ochratoxin A, respectively. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) levels for all treatments were below the limit of detection (LOD). The LOD was …</text>
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                <text>Academic Press</text>
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                <text>2021</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Effect of pretreatments and processing conditions on anti-nutritional factors in climbing bean flours</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12164">
                <text>Emmanuel Mugabo, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, George Annor, Bernard Rwubatse</text>
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                <text>It is difficult for many Rwandans to utilize climbing bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris. L) mainly because of longer cooking time (2 hours) and the high consumption of basic fuel. Climbing beans also contain anti-nutritional factors such tannins, phytates, trypsin inhibitors and phytohemagglutinins that limit nutrient absorption. One way to solve this problem is to utilize the flour of climbing beans made from different treatments and processing methods. In this study, climbing beans were pre-treated by soaking them in water for 24 hours, soaking in 2% sodium bicarbonate solution and steam blanching for 10 minutes. After that, pre-treated climbing beans were processed into flours by processing methods such as roasting, cooking and germination where anti-nutritional factors were reduced. The pretreatments did not significantly (p&gt; 0.05) affect phytates in climbing bean flours but processing conditions significantly (p&lt; 0.05) reduced it. Pretreatments and processing conditions significantly (p&lt; 0.05) reduced tannin content. The pretreatments followed by different processing conditions significantly (p&lt; 0.05) decreased trypsin inhibitors content. The great significant decrease in phytohemagglutinins content was observed in pretreatment followed by different processing methods. All pretreatments and processing conditions effectively decreased anti-nutritional factors at low level. However, pretreatments or untreated followed by germination and roasting were found to be the most and the least effective respectively. Â Making flour from germinated climbing bean seeds is a good option for sustainable food processing as it reduces anti-nutritional factors. It is an …</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2017</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12157">
                <text>Melamine Contamination of Infant Formula in China: The Causes: ,Food Safety Issues and Public Health Implications</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12158">
                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12159">
                <text>Melamine-an industrial chemical-was recently found in infant formula in China but it has since spiralled to other food categories that use milk powder as an ingredient, such as chocolate, biscuits and eggs. As of September 21, 2008, a total of 52,857 cases of nephrolithiasis (and, in some instances, renal failure) had been reported in China linked to consumption of this contaminated powdered formula. There have been approximately 13,000 hospitalizations, and at least 4 deaths confirmed to date. The vast majority of illnesses involved children under the age of 3 years (82%&lt; 2 years; 17% 2-3 years; 0.8%&gt; 3 years; and no cases involved adults)[1]. The results of an investigation conducted in China indicated that Chinese-produced powdered infant formula was linked to these illnesses; no cases were associated with liquid infant formula. An investigation of powdered formulas was conducted nationally by China's General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) and revealed contamination of powdered formulas produced by 22 companies. Test results conducted in China on samples of the powdered infant formula showed that they contained a wide range of concentrations (0.1 ppm to greater than 2,500 ppm melamine powder (Fig. 1). In addition, other countries have</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12161">
                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:mB3voiENLucC</text>
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  <item itemId="1970" public="1" featured="0">
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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Response surface methodology for optimizing the fermentation conditions during the processing of cassava fish (Pseudotolithus sp) into Lanhouin</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12152">
                <text>V Anihouvi, Joseph Hounhouigan, Djidjoho Hounhouigan, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for K=3 was used to investigate the combined effects of ripening, salting and duration of fermentation on total viable cells (TVC) load, sodium chloride (NaCl) and histamine contents during fermentation. Regression models were generated to predict the effects of the processing parameters on the studied quality indices. The fit of the models was expressed by the coefficients of regression R2 , which were found to be 0.807, 0.813 and 0.920 for TVC, NaCl and histamine respectively, indicating that 80.7, 81 and 92.0 % of the variability in the responses could be explained by the models. Significant (p&lt;0.05) interaction was also observed between salt ratio and fermentation time. The optimum fermentation conditions required to obtain TVC load, histamine content and salt concentration within acceptable levels were established as: repining …</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2012</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12155">
                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=20&amp;amp;pagesize=80&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:96M4k3P_OWMC</text>
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