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EO Afoakwa</text>
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                <text>African Network for School Feeding Programmes–The Issues, Developments, Challenges and Strategies</text>
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                <text>EMMANUEL OHENE AFOAKWA, Linley Chiwona-Karltun</text>
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                <text>&#13;
Eva Rabinowics, SLI, admitted that we do share food to some extent today through food aid, but that is no long term solution. Climate change will lead to crop failure and shortages. The present price spike on food is due to low global stocks. We need to develop systems for both aid and storage capacity. Global sharing of food and/or improved storage capacity would lower the future risk for price spikes. She also suggested that Sida funds should be used for infrastructure development (e.g. for storage). Gity Behravan, Sida, commented that African Union and NEPAD had identi fied the need for infrastructure development and are looking for partners in that process. Sida is one of them. Erik Karltun, SLU, brought three questions into the discussion: How much research will focus on diseases? How resilient are soils? What implications on future research does the need for adaptation to drought have? Anders …</text>
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                <text>The combined effects of polymeric coatings and anti-fungal treatment on the shrinkage characteristics of pineapple fruits during postharvest storage were evaluated. A 2×2×10 factorial experiment was performed with polymeric coatings (0 and 5%), anti-fungal treatment (0 and 0.01%), and storage time (0–10 days) as the factors. The shrinkage evolution, shell color break, and crown withering index were evaluated using standard analytical methods. Regression models were developed to predict the variables and their effects on the studied indices. The results showed that the polymeric coating, anti-fungal treatment, and storage time significantly (p &lt; 0.05) influenced the shrinkage evolution, shell color break, and crown withering index of the fruits and very high regression coefficients (87.2–99.3%) were noted among the indices. The 5% polymeric coating with fungicide at 0.01% significantly arrested the shrinkage …</text>
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                <text>Effect of Polymeric Coating on the Post-Harvest Quality Characteristics of Pineapple cv.‘Smooth Cayenne’Fruits</text>
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                <text>Investigations were conducted to determine the effect of polymeric coating on the post-harvest quality characteristics of pineapple (Ananas comosus) cv.‘Smooth Cayenne’fruits. A 4× 2× 4 factorial experimental design with polymeric coating concentration (0, 5, 7.5 and 10%), storage temperature (8 and 28 C) and storage period (0, 4, 7 and 10 days) was performed. Vitamin C, total sugars, titratable acidity, astringency index, pH, translucency and fruit texture were determined using standard analytical methods. Storage significantly (P 0.05) decreased vitamin C and total sugar content with a concomitant increase in acidity, astringency, translucency and fruit texture. Low temperature storage however minimized the effect of the observed differences. Polymeric coating influenced the physical and chemical qualities of the fruits with 5 and 7.5% polymeric coatings being the most effective preservative levels. Polymeric coating can therefore be applied to pineapple cv.‘Smooth Cayenne’fruits prior to storage to effectively prolong the chemical and physical quality characteristics of the fruits.</text>
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Tempering, polymorphism and fat crystallization during industrial chocolate manufacture: regimes, behaviours and their effects on finished chocolate quality</text>
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                <text>EO Afoakwa, A Paterson</text>
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                <text>Tempering, a technique of shearing chocolate mass at controlled temperatures is used to promote cocoa butter crystallization in a thermodynamically stable polymorphic form. During chocolate manufacture, the process is used to obtain the stable form V (or β2) of cocoa butter having a melting temperature of 32-34 °C, which gives the desired glossy appearance, good snap, contraction and enhanced shelf life characteristics. However, the tempering sequences, their behaviour during pre-crystallization, the consequential regimes attained and their effects on product quality characteristics are not very well understood. Variations in temper regimes attained during pre-crystallization of chocolates influence their crystallinity, polymorphic status and other physical quality characteristics. Over-tempering causes increases in product hardness, stickiness with reduced gloss and darkening of product surfaces. Under …</text>
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                <text>Materials Science</text>
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                <text>Changes in nib acidification, flavour precursors development and free fatty acid concentration during drying of pulp preconditioned and fermented cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Evans Akomanyi, Jemmy Takrama, Agnes Simpson Budu, Firibu Kwesi Saalia</text>
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                <text>Pod storage and fermentation are critical to the development of nib acidification and flavour precursors that generate into distinctive chocolate flavour notes during industrial manufacture. This work investigated changes in nib acidification, flavour precursors development (FPD) and free fatty acids (FFA) concentrations during drying of pulp preconditioned and fermented Ghanaian cocoa beans. A 4 x 4 full factorial design with experimental factors as pod storage (0, 7, 14 and 21 days) and drying times (0, 2, 4 and 6 days) were used. pH, non-volatile (titratable) acidity, total sugars, protein nitrogen and FFA concentrations were studied using standard methods. The results showed that pod storage and drying influenced the nib acidification, flavour precursors (protein nitrogen and total sugars) and FFA levels in fermented cocoa beans. Increasing pod storage consistently decreased non-volatile acidity, protein nitrogen and total sugars with concomitant increases in pH and FFAs during drying of the fermented beans. Drying had minimal effect on protein nitrogen and total sugars but consistently increased pH and FFA of the fermented beans at all levels of pod storage. Nibs from 10 days pod storage had FFA levels exceeding 1.75% after drying, suggesting that to obtain fermented cocoa beans with acceptable FFA levels, cocoa pods should not be stored for up to 10 days. Pod storage and drying influenced nib acidification, FPD and FFA levels in fermented cocoa beans. However, the rates of change in nib acidification, sugars degeneration, protein degradation and FFA concentrations were largely dependent on pod storage than on drying.</text>
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                <text>Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for K= 3 was used to study the combined effects of blanching time, sodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O5) concentration and processing (retorting) time on the total microbial load, and sensory qualities (colour, aroma, texture, overall acceptability) of cocoyam leaves during canning. Regression models and response surface plots were developed from regression analysis to predict the effects of the variables on the studied indices. Significant (P&lt; 0.05) interactions were noted between all the factors with high regression coefficients (61.7%-94.7%). Increasing processing times led to decreases in microbial load and degree of liking for colour of the canned cocoyam leaves. Blanching was effective in reducing browning and increasing the degree of liking for colour of the canned leaves. Treatment of the leaves with sodium metabisulphite solution significantly reduced the microbial load and the degree of likeness of the different sensory attributes of the canned product. The combined action of sodium metabisulphite concentration, blanching time and processing time were effective in reducing the total microbial load as well as the degree of liking for colour of cocoyam leaves during canning of the canned product. These could serve as a means of enhancing the shelf stability as well as the overall acceptability of the product. The most acceptable product was the one blanched for 1 minute, with 0.5% anti-browning agent concentration, and retorted for 20 minutes.</text>
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                <text>Dominic Acquah-Baidoo, Nicole Sharon Affrifah, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Firibu Kwesi Saalia</text>
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                <text>This study describes the occurrence and profile of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fresh and cooked processed cowhide (wele) singed with different fuels. It also assessed the health risks associated with the consumption of this popular delicacy. The 8PAHs were all detected in the wele samples singed with scrap tires, whereas 5 and 3 carcinogenic PAHs were detected in the firewood and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) singed wele, respectively. For each of the specific PAH detected, the contents in the wele samples were generally ranked as scrap tires &gt; firewood &gt; LPG. The average concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene for cooked wele samples were 2.75 ng g−1(firewood) and 22.85 ng g−1(scrap tires); exceeding the 2.0 ng g−1 European Commission regulation maximum levels (MLs) for smoked products. For the carcinogenic risk exposure assessment, the dietary intake based on benzo[a]pyrene …</text>
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                <text>[Abstract] The research seeks to gain qualitative insights into channel structure and conflict management&#13;
of leading multinational companies operating in Ghana. A case-study approach was adopted for this study.&#13;
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in Ghana. The companies were found to be practicing a three-level channel system, a combination of&#13;
exclusive and intensive distribution strategies and a partial integration, thus limiting their control of the&#13;
chain of distribution. The managements of the case companies have adopted some measures to mitigate&#13;
the conflict-prone zones, which, in most cases, are not yielding the desired result of consolidating their&#13;
channel operations. This research may have limited generalizability to all multinationals. The major&#13;
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management in a developing economy context. </text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:JV2RwH3_ST0C</text>
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