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Cocoa Processing and Modern Chocolate Manufacturing Techniques.</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Alistair Paterson, Mark Fowler, Angela Ryan</text>
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                <text>Chocolate characters not only originate in flavor precursors present in cocoa beans, but are generated during post-harvest treatments and transformed into desirable odor notes in the manufacturing processes. Complex biochemical modifications of bean constituents are further altered by thermal reactions in roasting and conching and in alkalization. However, the extent to which the inherent bean constituents from the cocoa genotype, environmental factors, post-harvest treatment, and processing technologies influence chocolate flavor formation and relationships with final flavor quality, has not been clear. With increasing speciality niche products in chocolate confectionery, greater understanding of factors contributing to the variations in flavor character would have significant commercial implications. Keywords: Theobroma cacaogenetic origincocoa fermentationroastingconchingchocolate flavor</text>
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Announcement of my promotion to the rank of FULL PROFESSOR</text>
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                <text>I am really humbled by the overwhelming response I have received from friends and well-wishers all over the world on my promotion. Thank you all for your congratulatory messages and wonderful responses.&#13;
Sincerely, I am grateful to you for the wonderful opportunity you gave me as a young academic to serve as Reviewer on your esteemed journal. Over the past decade, I have learnt a lot and derived great inspiration from you ever since I first met you October 2002 in Nairobi. Your dedication, commitment and professionalism have inspired me so much as a young and learning academic and these values have contributed tremendously to my success in academia. I really appreciate the opportunity to work with you and your team over the years.</text>
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Effects of pod storage and fermentation duration on total polyphenols, o-diphenols, and anthocyanin concentrations in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans</text>
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                <text>AMER CHEMICAL SOC</text>
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                <text>This study was designed to characterize the most cultivated and consumed yam (Dioscorea) cultivars within the Ghanaian yam germplasm based on their physico-functional properties in order to assess their potential alternative food and industrial processing applications. Matured yam varieties grown and harvested under the same climatic and edaphic factors were obtained from the Roots and Tuber Conservatory Division of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso Ghana. Colour of bulk flour for each yam sample was measured using the Hunter Lab Colour Difference Meter. Functional properties such as water absorption capacity, swelling power and solubility index were determined using standard analytical procedures. Significant differences (p&lt; 0.05) existed among the yam varieties for their colour and functional properties. Flours of D. bulbifera and D. dumetorum had an attractive yellow colour while flour of D. esculenta recorded the highest whiteness (L= 84.09). D. esculenta had the highest swelling power (9.4%) and solubility index of 27.6%. No significant difference was observed in water absorption at 27 C and 70 C for all varieties except D. dumetorum. D. dumetorum flour had relatively high water absorption capacity of 295.9% in water at 27 C and 189.4% in water at 70 C. The findings from this research will be relevant to yam producers and processors in programmes aimed at developing new food/industrial processing applications using Ghanaian yams.</text>
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                <text>The impact of pod storage on the formation of different alkylpyrazines from Ghanaian cocoa roasted at four roasting temperatures</text>
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                <text>Ann De Winne, Michael Hinneh, Julie Haeck, Davy Van de Walle, Jim Van Durme, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Koen Dewettinck, Luc De Cooman</text>
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                <text>The typical flavour characteristics of cocoa are related to the cocoa bean genotype and the growing environmental conditions. However, the flavour does not exist in freshly harvested beans. Flavour is generated by a series of procedures that begins with occasional pod storage (PS) after harvesting, followed by fermentation of the beans, and roasting. PS implies storing harvested cocoa pods for a period of time before opening. The effect of PS is believed to be beneficial for the subsequent development of cocoa flavour in the cocoa beans [1]. During roasting, several volatile heterocyclic compounds are formed, among them alkylpyrazines. These newly formed compounds are considered to be key odour components. Among alkylpyrazines, tetramethylpyrazine and trimethylpyrazine, are the most abundant ones. Other alkylpyrazines with different substituents also contribute to the aroma profile. Hence, monitoring pyrazines can be helpful in optimizing roasting conditions of cocoa beans for attaining the desired aroma of the cocoa liquors. In several studies, cocoa volatiles have been measured using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), frequently using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) to concentrate the volatiles.&#13;
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PS (0, 3, 7 days PS) and roasting temperature (100 C, 120 C, 140 C and 160 C) on the formation of alkylpyrazines in Ghanaian cocoa liquors. HS-SPME extraction of the alkylpyrazines was carried out with a DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre. The identified compounds were measured semiquantitatively and the results were statistically processed by multivariate …</text>
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                <text>Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz</text>
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                <text>In developing countries, traditionally smoked fish are highly contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This is mainly due to the use of wood-fueled traditional kilns for processing the commodity. An improved kiln, the FAO-Thiaroye Technique (FTT), has been introduced to address the concern and was assessed in Ghana for its efficacy. It was found that the FTT drastically lessens PAH contamination in smoked fish and also affords public health protection against risks associated with that hazard. The findings call for policy actions to underpin efforts for improving the safety and market access of smoked fish in Ghana and other low- and middle-income countries.</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:fHS53ZCY-AEC</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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Yield Gap Analysis in Oil Palm Production Systems in Ghana</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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                <text>Palm oil is the world’s most important edible oil crop, and in the Ghanaian economy, oil palm (Eleais guineensis) is the next most important perennial crop after cocoa. Since the early 2000s, the area under oil palm in Ghana expanded but average fruit bunch (FB) yields remained low at ~7 t ha-1 yr-1 in 2014, resulting in large yield gaps. Despite the pressing need to increase palm oil production and improve yields, knowledge of the underlying causes of poor yields in Ghana is lacking. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the factors that currently limit oil palm production on plantations and smallholder farms in Ghana and to assess opportunities to increase yields with improved agronomic practices. Using land suitability evaluation methods and yield gap analysis, a framework for yield intensification with ‘Best Management Practices’ (BMP) on existing mature oil palm plantings was developed. Data was …</text>
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                <text>Wageningen University and Research ProQuest Dissertations Publishing</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:9UF2BbDYXHIC</text>
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                <text>Formation of alkylpyrazines in Ghanaian cocoa samples after inline roasting hyphenated with GC-MS compared with HS-SPME GC-MS as a function of pod storage and fermentation</text>
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                <text>Ann De Winne, Michael Hinneh, Gertjan Delanghe, Jolien Devaere, Jim Van Durme, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Koen Dewettinck, Luc De Cooman</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12706">
                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:6MVT8mER-OMC</text>
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                <text>Decoding Coca-Cola</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Mogaji, Felix Maringe, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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                <text>This series welcomes proposals for original research projects that are either single or multi-authored or an edited collection from both established and emerging scholars working on any aspect of marketing theory and practice and provides an outlet for studies dealing with elements of marketing theory, thought, pedagogy and practice. It aims to reflect the evolving role of marketing and bring together the most innovative work across all aspects of the marketing ‘mix’ – from product development, consumer behaviour, marketing analysis, branding, and customer relationships, to sustainability, ethics and the new opportunities and challenges presented by digital and online marketing</text>
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                <text>2022</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:6e4D8M0GhXMC</text>
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                <text>Response Surface Methodology for Studying the Effects of Sugar Concentration and Acid Balancing on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Watermelon (Citrullus Vugaris) Jam</text>
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                <text>Gilbert Owiah Sampson, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Oluwakemi Cyrilla Ogunseye, Daniel Tetteh Amanquah</text>
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                <text>Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for K=2 was employed to analyze the combined effect of sugar concentration and acid balancing on the soluble solids, refractive index, water insoluble solids total acidity and pH of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) jam. Regression models were developed to predict the effects of the processing parameters on the studied indices. Significant interactions were observed between all the factors with high regression coefficients (61.78-98.34%). There was a significant (p≤0.05) influence of the quadratic factors of pH and sugar concentration as well as the linear factor of pH on the soluble solids content, pH and refractive index but no significant influence of total acidity and water insoluble solids on watermelon jams. However, the linear and quadratic factors of pH showed no significant (p≤0.05) influence on the refractive index of the watermelon …</text>
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                <text>2022</text>
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