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                <text>Cocoa and chocolate consumption–Are there aphrodisiac and other benefits for human health?</text>
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                <text>Cocoa and chocolate have been acclaimed for several years for their possible medicinal and health benefits. It is only recently, however, that some of these claims have been more clearly identified and studied. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies, for example, have shown that dietary supplementation with flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate may exert a protective effect on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, which has been associated with a reduced risk of developing atherosclerosis. Some of the identified benefits of flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate include antioxidant properties, reduced blood pressure via the induction of nitric-oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in men, improved endothelial function, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased platelet activation and function, as well as modulated immune function and inflammation. Furthermore, chocolate has been reported to release phenylethylamine and serotonin into the human system, producing some aphrodisiac and mood-lifting effects. Since these claims could have implications for the consumption levels of cocoa and chocolate products on the global market, understanding the critical factors involved and their potential benefits are currently thought to be of great importance to consumers.</text>
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                <text>Wiley Blackwell: Oxford, UK</text>
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                <text>Chocolate aroma and flavor attributes not only originate in precursor compounds present in cocoa beans, but are generated during fermentation and drying and transformed into desirable odor notes in the manufacturing process. Complex biochemical modifications of bean constituents are further altered by thermal reactions in the roasting and conching steps and during alkalization leading to the development of the finished flavor character; however, the extent to which fermentation component influences chocolate flavor formation and the relationships contributing to final flavor quality are not clear. With increasing specialty niche products in chocolate confectionery area, greater understanding of factors contributing to variations in flavor character during cocoa fermentation has significant commercial implications.</text>
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                <text>Nasiruddin Khan, Olha Khymenets, Mireia Urpí-Sardà, Sara Tulipani, Mar Garcia-Aloy, María Monagas, Ximena Mora-Cubillos, Rafael Llorach, Cristina Andres-Lacueva</text>
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                <text>Over the past few decades, cocoa has increasingly gained spectacular attention on the global market as it continues to become one of the most lucrative and heavily traded food commodities in the world. This has led to interesting continuous increases in cocoa production across the world, most especially by the four main growing countries in West Africa—Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon—now together providing~ 75% of the global cocoa market. Coupled with these and the recent expansion of cocoa production from Southeast Asia—Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam—has raised questions by various stakeholders in the cocoa business and processors in the confectionery industry over the quality of cocoa that enters the international market. That notwithstanding, the cocoa market has become far more sophisticated than it was in the 1990s and despite the challenges it faces it is still one of the largest …</text>
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