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                <text>Changes in biochemical and physico-chemical qualities during drying of pulp preconditioned and fermented cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Agnes Simpson Budu, Henry Mensah-Brown, Jemmy Felix</text>
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                <text>This study investigated the effects of post-harvest pod storage as a means of pulp preconditioning on the souring production, flavour precursors development and free fatty acids during drying of fermented Ghanaian cocoa beans. A 4 x 4 full factorial experiment was conducted with pod storage (0, 7, 14, 21 days) and drying times (0, 2, 4 and 6 days) as the principal factors. The souring/acidification indices (pH and titratable acidity), total sugar, total nitrogen and free fatty acids (FFA) were studied using standard analytical methods. The results showed that titratable acidity, total sugars and total nitrogen in cocoa beans decreased during drying and with increasing pod storage durations probably due to their participation in Maillard nonenzymatic reactions to form flavour volatiles and colour pigments as Amadori intermediates. By contrast, FFAs and pH increased during drying and with increasing pod storage durations. Pod storage for up to 7 days followed by 6 days of fermentation and drying respectively produced beans with acceptable FFA values below 1.75% whilst enhancing the flavour precursors development and reductions in nib acidity. However, these observed changes were more dependent on pod storage than on drying.</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;pagesize=80&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:BqipwSGYUEgC</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Changes in cell wall constituents and mechanical properties during post-harvest hardening of trifoliate yam Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) pax tubers</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Samuel Sefa-Dedeh</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>In an attempt to investigate the changes leading to the rapid post-harvest hardening of the white cultivars of Dioscorea dumetorum tubers, alterations in the plant cell wall constituents and mechanical properties of the tubers were monitored. A 4 × 2 factorial experiment with storage time (0, 24, 48 and 72 h) and storage conditions [cold room (4 °C, 85–100% RH) and tropical ambient (28 °C, 62–100% RH)] as variables were performed. Harvested tubers were stored for 24, 48 and 72 h under 4 and 28 °C. Changes in mechanical properties, acid and neutral detergent fibres, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents were monitored. Mechanical properties comprising peak force (hardness) and curve areas (adhesiveness) increased rapidly from 1203.0–5816.5 g and 12.4214–29.2612 g, respectively, during the 72 h of storage at ambient conditions. Similarly, all the plant cell wall constituents evaluated increased to …</text>
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                <text>Elsevier</text>
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                <text>2002</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="11850">
                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=80&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:_kc_bZDykSQC</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Changes in chemical properties of dreid cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans during fermentation</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Mulono Apriyanto</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="11653">
                <text>Changes in acidification and sugars of cocoa pulp during fermentation of pulp pre-conditioned cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans were investigated using a 3 × 3 full factorial experimental design with tree level treatment (control (TI), inoculum added in begin fermentation (IA), inoculum added in step (IB) and fermentation time as principal factors. pH, non-volatile (titratable) acidity, reducing sugars, and fermentation indexes of cocoa beans were studied using standard analytical methods. pH of the cocoa nibs increased with inoculum added and fermentation with consequential decrease in non-volatile acidity. Contrary, inoculum added and fermentation decreased the reducing sugars in cocoa nib. The most abundant fermentation indexes in unfermented cocoa bean with values of (TI) 0.31–0.88, (IA) 0.32–0.99, (IB) 0.33–1.03).</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="11654">
                <text>New Delhi Publishers</text>
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                <text>2016</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="11656">
                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;pagesize=80&amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:Fx13dKtzC7kC</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Changes in nib acidification and biochemical composition during&#13;
fermentation of pulp pre-conditioned cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="10686">
                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, JE Kongor, J Takrama, AS Budu</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Studies were conducted to establish changes in nib acidification and biochemical composition (sugars concentration, proteins and free fatty acids) during fermentation of pulp pre-conditioned cocoa beans using a 4 x 3 full factorial experimental design with pod storage (0, 3, 7 and 10 days) and fermentation time (0, 3 and 6 days) as the principal factors. Non-volatile (titratable) acidity, pH, sugars (reducing, non-reducing and total sugars), proteins and free fatty acids of the beans were studied using standard analytical methods. Pod storage caused consistent increases in pH of the nibs at all fermentation times with consequential decrease in non-volatile (titratable) acidity. Bean fermentation from pods stored between 3–7 days resulted in cocoa nibs with pH between 5.10–5.36 with only minimal changes in FFA. However, fermentation significantly (p &lt; 0.05) decreased the non-reducing sugars, total sugars and protein content of the beans whilst reducing sugars increased. Similarly, pod storage caused marginal reductions in total and non-reducing sugars with consequential increase in reducing sugars whiles protein content was reduced significantly. Storage of cocoa pod between 3–7 days with 6 days of fermentation led to considerable reductions in nib acidification, sugars (non-reducing and total sugars) and proteins with concomitant increases in reducing sugars and acceptable FFA levels</text>
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                <text>Faculty of Food Science &amp; Technology, UPM</text>
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                <text>2013</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;cstart=20&amp;pagesize=80&amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:IWHjjKOFINEC</text>
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