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Industrial manufacture of sugar-free chocolates–Applicability of alternative sweeteners and carbohydrate polymers as raw materials in product development</text>
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                <text>Chocolate is dense suspension of solid particles comprising 60–70% sugar and non-fat cocoa solids. Until recently, it was rarely produced as a sugar-free product due to the multi-functional properties of sweetness, bulkiness and textural characteristics that sugar offers to products. Today's consumers are concerned about the high sugar levels, calories and cariogenicity effects in confectionery products, hence increasing popularity of ‘light’ and ‘sugar-free’ products. Development of sugar-free chocolates is most challenging since all sugar needs to be replaced. In-depth understanding of the applicability of alternative sweeteners and carbohydrate polymers as ingredients in sugar-free chocolate manufacture would therefore have significant industrial applications.</text>
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Luminescence&#13;
Data Analysis and Modeling Using R</text>
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Matrix effects on flavour volatiles release in dark chocolates varying in particle size distribution and fat content using GC–mass spectrometry and GC–olfactometry</text>
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                <text>Influences of matrix particle size distribution (PSD) (18, 25, 35 and 50 lm) and fat content (25%, 30% and 35%) on flavour release of dark chocolate volatiles were quantified by static headspace gas chromatography using GC–MS. Sixty-eight (68) flavour compounds were identified, comprising alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, furans, pyrans, pyrazines, pyridines, pyroles, phenols, pyrones and thiozoles. From GC– olfactometry, 2-methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal had chocolate notes. With cocoa/roasted/nutty notes were trimethyl-, tetramethyl-, 2,3-dimethyl-, 2,5-dimethyl-, 3(or 2),5- dimethyl-2(or 3)-ethyl- and 3,5(or 6)-diethyl-2-methylpyrazine and furfuralpyrrole. Compounds with fruity/floral notes included 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol and 5-ethenyltetrahydro-R,R,5-trimethylcis- 2-furanmethanol. Caramel-like, sweet and honey notes were conferred by 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetaldehyde …</text>
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Optimization of the nutritional quality characteristics of cowpea-fortified nixtamalized maize using computer-generated response surface models</text>
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                <text>n order to determine the ideal pre-processing conditions that would result in the highest quality canned product from the recently produced cowpea variety, seeds of the cowpea (IT87D195Y) were canned. For a Central Composite Rotatable Design, the independent variables were the time spent blanching, the amount of time spent soaking, and the amount of sodium hexametaphosphate [(NaPO3)6] salt used (CCRD). When canning cowpeas, the pre-processing parameters from the CCRD were applied, and response surface approach was used to analyze the quality traits (seed hardness, moisture content, pH of the drained liquid, weight, splitting of the seeds, and leached particles) of the canned goods. Response surface curves were plotted using regression models created through regression analysis. suitability of the model equation for prediction</text>
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Palm oil processing technology: Palm oil and palm kernel oil</text>
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Pod storage with roasting: A tool to diversifying the flavor profiles of dark chocolates produced from ‘bulk’cocoa beans?(Part II: Quality and sensory profiling of chocolates)</text>
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                <text>The impact of pod storage (PS) and roasting temperature (RT) on the quality parameters and the sensory profiles of dark chocolates were evaluated. Dark chocolates (70%) from ten liquors of different PS and RT combinations as well as six liquors of different origins (Ecuador, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Venezuela and Vietnam) with variable genetic groups were produced under identical conditions and compared. To a greater extent, the range of chocolate quality attributes underscored the generally minimal effects of PS, RT and origin of liquor on the processing conditions. Although with a few exceptions, generally, chocolate acidity (pH and TA) decreased with increasing PS and vice versa in the case of RT. Furthermore, results from a balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) involving a 16-member expert panel also revealed the impact of the applied treatments (PS and RT) on the final flavor profiles of the …</text>
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Response surface methodology for optimizing the fermentation conditions during the processing of cassava fish (Pseudotolithus sp) into Lanhouin</text>
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                <text>The response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for K=3 was used to investigate the combined effects of ripening, salting and duration of fermentation on total viable cells (TVC) load, sodium chloride (NaCl) and histamine contents during fermentation. Regression models were generated to predict the effects of the processing parameters on the studied quality indices. The fit of the models was expressed by the coefficients of regression R2 , which were found to be 0.807, 0.813 and 0.920 for TVC, NaCl and histamine respectively, indicating that 80.7, 81 and 92.0 % of the variability in the responses could be explained by the models. Significant (p&lt;0.05) interaction was also observed between salt ratio and fermentation time. The optimum fermentation conditions required to obtain TVC load, histamine content and salt concentration within acceptable levels were established as: repining …</text>
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Risk assessment of vacuum-packed pouched tuna chunks during industrial processing using ISO 22000 and HACCP systems</text>
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                <text>Risk analysis was conducted during processing of Vacuum-Packed Pouched Tuna Chunks using HACCP systems. The hazards likely to occur and their levels of severity and chances of occurrences were identified. Critical control points, critical limits, control and preventive measures, corrective actions for non-conformances and verification procedures were evaluated and documented. ISO 22000 Analysis Worksheet was also employed for determination of some prerequisite programmes (PrPs) and compared with the HACCP decision tree table for determination of Critical Control Points (CCPs). The PrPs were the main difference between the two systems. The major hazards identified were the probable contamination with spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms-Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus: foreign materials-metal residues and sand; chemical …</text>
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Strengthening Economic Relationships and Service Supplier Engagement: Pathways to Indigenous Inclusivity and Sustainable Development</text>
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Tempering, polymorphism and fat crystallization during industrial chocolate manufacture: regimes, behaviours and their effects on finished chocolate quality</text>
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                <text>Tempering, a technique of shearing chocolate mass at controlled temperatures is used to promote cocoa butter crystallization in a thermodynamically stable polymorphic form. During chocolate manufacture, the process is used to obtain the stable form V (or β2) of cocoa butter having a melting temperature of 32-34 °C, which gives the desired glossy appearance, good snap, contraction and enhanced shelf life characteristics. However, the tempering sequences, their behaviour during pre-crystallization, the consequential regimes attained and their effects on product quality characteristics are not very well understood. Variations in temper regimes attained during pre-crystallization of chocolates influence their crystallinity, polymorphic status and other physical quality characteristics. Over-tempering causes increases in product hardness, stickiness with reduced gloss and darkening of product surfaces. Under …</text>
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