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                <text>This paper evaluates HVDS and LVDS concepts by system performance. This is achieved by examining system losses on HV and LV distribution networks in radial AC distribution systems. Challenges associated with system losses may demand network conversion from LV to HV network. This paper addresses this issue by using HVDS optimization specifically, linear programming techniques with Matlab optimization toolbox to determine the optimal number of unit transformers in the HV network. Studies conducted on a test distribution system using CYMEDIST software show the optimized HVDS has improved voltage profile and a total system loss reduction of 29.50% as compared to the LVDS. Consequently, there is reduced operational cost and increased annual capitalized loss savings in the optimized HVDS.</text>
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                <text>Poverty and income inequality remain a serious challenge in Northern Ghana. Given the causal link between financial inclusion and poverty reduction, this paper aims at estimating a discriminant function model to analyze the determinants of financial inclusion in Northern Ghana. The study is mainly based on primary data elicited through survey questionnaires. Even though the minimum sample size was determined to be 385 households, a total of 400 households were selected systematically, out of which 395 households returned their questionnaires for analysis. The estimated discriminant function model was found to be significant at the 1% level of significance. It was also found that, the most significant determinants of financial inclusion in Northern Ghana (in order of importance) are “Age”,“Cost”,“Capability”,“Literacy”,“Distance”, and “Employment”. Overall, 72.4% of the cases were correctly classified by the estimated model. This paper therefore concludes that there is the need for Government and donors to make coordinated efforts towards addressing these determinants so as to broaden financial inclusion, thereby contributing to poverty reduction and lower income inequalities in the area.</text>
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                <text>Northern Ghana has been described as the most poverty-stricken spot in Ghana. Given the link between financial inclusion and poverty reduction, this paper aims at estimating a discriminant function model to analyse demand-side roadblocks to financial inclusion in Northern Ghana. The study is mainly based on primary data elicited through survey questionnaires. Even though the minimum sample size was determined to be 385 households, a total of 400 households were selected systematically, out of which 395 households returned their questionnaires for analysis. The estimated discriminant function model was found to be significant at the 1% level of significance. It was also found that, the demand-side roadblocks that are very crucial to financial inclusion in Northern Ghana (in order of importance) are “Culture”, “Cost”, “Capability”, and “Trust”. Overall, 77.2% of the cases were correctly classified by the estimated model. This paper therefore concludes that most vulnerable groups in Northern Ghana still find it difficult to access formal financial services due to barriers such as culture, cost, capability and trust. Government policies should therefore be directed at addressing these barriers so as to enhance financial inclusion in the area which eventually will lead to poverty reduction.</text>
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                <text>This paper investigates the relationship that exists in the linguistic gyration of the annual speeches delivered by Otumfo Osei Tutu and Osagyefo Amoatia Ofori Panyin, who are both paramount Ghanaian royal chiefs of the Ashanti Kingdom and the Akyem Abuakwa Kingdom respectively. Although these prominent chiefs have delivered several speeches on several times and occasions and at different places and settings, this study paid particular attention to and selected only speeches that they delivered in academic environments, specifically, in universities in Ghana. These annual speeches used for the study were therefore those that were delivered at the University of Professional Studies and University of Education, Winneba campuses respectively. The analysis of the data was done based on the Hallidayan’s Systemic Functional Linguistic approach. The analysis reveals the incorporation of the ideology and power in the language of the royal speeches of the two paramount chiefs in Ghana and its influence on the university administrations and communities. Subsequently, the modality metafunction showed that the chiefs selected modal verbs to affirm and fulfill the tasks given them. From the data, it is evident that the traditional rulers can use language to communicate their strength, capabilities on the political administration and education spheres on the university communities.</text>
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