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                <text>Response Surface Methodology for Studying the Quality Characteristics of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata)-Based Tempeh.</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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                <text>Response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing conditions in the preparation of cowpea tempeh. The independent factors studied were boiling time (varying from 5 to 30 min), incubation time (varying from 12 to 48 h) and incubation temperatures (varying from 25 to 50C), whereas the dependent factors were protein content, protein solubility, pH, titratable acidity and total color difference (using L, a* and b*). Regression models were generated and adequacy was tested with regression coefficients (R2) and the lack-of-fit tests. Optimum processing conditions were determined by method of superimposition. There was a strong and significant influence (P&lt; 0.01) of the quadratic effect of the incubation time on the protein content of the cowpea tempeh, with similar significance (P&lt; 0.01) noted in protein solubility with increasing boiling time. The optimum processing conditions observed for the preparation of cowpea tempeh were boiling time of about 20 min, incubation time of about 28 h and incubation temperature of about 37C.</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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                <text>: Melamine Contamination of Infant Formula in China: The Causes, Food Safety Issues and Public Health Implications</text>
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                <text>E Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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                <text>Melamine-an industrial chemical-was recently found in infant formula in China but it has since spiralled to other food categories that use milk powder as an ingredient, such as chocolate, biscuits and eggs. As of September 21, 2008, a total of 52,857 cases of nephrolithiasis (and, in some instances, renal failure) had been reported in China linked to consumption of this contaminated powdered formula. There have been approximately 13,000 hospitalizations, and at least 4 deaths confirmed to date. The vast majority of illnesses involved children under the age of 3 years (82%&lt; 2 years; 17% 2-3 years; 0.8%&gt; 3 years; and no cases involved adults). The results of an investigation conducted in China indicated that Chinese-produced powdered infant formula was linked to these illnesses; no cases were associated with liquid infant formula. An investigation of powdered formulas was conducted nationally by China's General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) and revealed contaminant ion of powdered formulas produced by 22 companies. Test results conducted in China on samples of the powdered infant formula showed that they contained a wide range of concentrations (0.1 ppm to greater than 2,500 ppm melamine powder. In addition, other countries have reported detection of melamine in other product categories, such as confections and beverages. Generally, there are available analytical methods that can reliably detect a level of 1 ppm melamine in some food matrices.</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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                <text>: Modelling tempering behaviour of dark chocolates from varying particle size distribution and fat content using response surface methodology</text>
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                <text>E Ohene Afoakwa, P Alistair, M Fowler, J Vieira</text>
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                <text>Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) for K= 2 was used to study the combined effects of multi-stage heat exchangers for Stages 1 (14–30 C) and 2 (12–28 C) coolant temperatures at constant Stage 3 coolant and holding temperatures during tempering of dark chocolates using laboratory-scale mini-temperer. Quantitative data on chocolate temper index (slope) were obtained for products with varying particle size distribution (PSD)(D90 of 18, 25, 35 and 50 μm) and fat (30% and 35%) content. Regression models generated using stepwise regression analyses were used to plot response surface curves, to study the tempering behaviour of products. The results showed that both Stage 1 and Stage 2 coolant temperatures had significant linear and quadratic effects on the crystallization behaviour causing wide variations in chocolate temper index during tempering of products with variable PSD and fat content. Differences in fat content exerted the greatest variability in temperature settings of the different zones for attaining well-tempered products. At 35% fat content, changes in PSD caused only slight and insignificant effect on tempering behaviour. No unique set of conditions was found to achieve good temper in dark chocolate with a specified tempering unit. Thus, different combinations of temperatures could be employed between the multi-stage heat exchangers to induce nucleation and growth of stable fat crystal polymorphs during tempering. Variations in tempering outcomes of the dark chocolates were dependent more on the fat content than PSD.</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Cocoa and chocolate consumption–Are there aphrodisiac and other benefits for human health?</text>
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                <text>E Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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                <text>Cocoa and chocolate have been acclaimed for several years for their possible medicinal and health benefits. It is only recently, however, that some of these claims have been more clearly identified and studied. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies, for example, have shown that dietary supplementation with flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate may exert a protective effect on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, which has been associated with a reduced risk of developing atherosclerosis. Some of the identified benefits of flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate include antioxidant properties, reduced blood pressure via the induction of nitric-oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in men, improved endothelial function, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased platelet activation and function, as well as modulated immune function and inflammation. Furthermore, chocolate has been reported to release phenylethylamine and serotonin into the human system, producing some aphrodisiac and mood-lifting effects. Since these claims could have implications for the consumption levels of cocoa and chocolate products on the global market, understanding the critical factors involved and their potential benefits are currently thought to be of great importance to consumers.</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Building Sustainable Agricultural Development through Home-Grown School Feeding-he African Approach</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12898">
                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Linley Chiwona-Karltun</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Proper nutrition is critical for optimal growth, cognitive development, general well-being and academic performance of children. Access to good nutrition either at home or through the educational system can contribute to the elimination of malnutrition and its associated health and developmental problems. In this regard, The 2005 UN World Summit recommended the expansion of local school feeding programmes, using home-grown foods where possible as one of the “Quick impact initiatives” to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, especially for rural areas facing the dual challenge of high chronic malnutrition and low agricultural productivity. Further to this, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Secretariat and UN Millennium Project Task Force on Hunger proposed that school feeding be linked with agricultural development through the purchase of locally/domestically produced food, school gardens and the incorporation of agriculture into school curricula, to stimulate demand for locally produced food and trigger market mechanisms, particularly in marginal rural areas where these mechanisms do not exist. These developments show increasing recognition by the world community, and particularly by African governments, for the importance of school feeding. Given that most poor people in developing countries live in rural areas and earn livelihoods in the agricultural sector, school feeding is now being seen as a promising synergistic entry point to not only improve educational outcomes, along with nutrition and health status of poor and undernourished children, but also to jump-start local agricultural development in …</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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                <text>Building Sustainable Agricultural Development through Home-Grown School Feeding Programmes–The African Approach</text>
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