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                <text>444 Nature of past remedial measures: the case of Ghanaian mining industry</text>
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                <text>Background&#13;
Two processes are required to prevent similar/same events from occurring again whenever an accident occurs; causal factors identification and planning and implementation of remedial measures. Without proper planning and implementation, latent conditions with the system will remain unfixed, and accidents will continue to occur. A preliminary analysis of investigations reports within the Ghanaian Mines reveals that the cases are similar, which raises the question, What is the nature of the remedial measures proposed to address the causes identified?&#13;
Methods&#13;
The study adopts SMARTER from the business studies with the addition of HMW (H-Hierarchical, M-Mapping and W-Weighting of causal factors) to analyse the recommendations from 500 cases obtained from seven gold mines in Ghana.&#13;
Results&#13;
The results showed that most of the recommendations are administrative, focusing on fixing the …</text>
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                <text>Improving Remedial Measures from Incident Investigations: A Study Across Ghanaian Mines</text>
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                <text>Background&#13;
Learning from incidents for accident prevention is a two-stage process, involving the investigation of past accidents to identify the causal factors, followed by the identification and implementation of remedial measures to address the identified causal factors. The focus of past research has been on the identification of causal factors, with limited focus on the identification and implementation of remedial measures. This research begins to contribute to this gap. The motivation for the research is twofold. First, previous analyses show the recurring nature of accidents within the Ghanaian mining industry, and the causal factors also remain the same. This raises questions on the nature and effectiveness of remedial measures identified to address the causes of past accidents. Secondly, without identifying and implementing remedial measures, the full benefits of accident investigations will not be achieved. Hence …</text>
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                <text>Assessment of the potability of underground water from a small scale underground mine: A case study</text>
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                <text>Theophilus Joe-Asare, Michael Stanley Peprah, Maxwell Mingle Opoku</text>
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                <text>This study sought to investigate the potability of underground water from the Mohammed and Brothers Small Scale Underground Mine in Tarkwa by analysing two samples of the underground water to determine the water’s physico-chemical parameters and the metals concentrations and coliforms in it. The physico-chemical parameters were analysed using Oyster series multi-meter (341350A) and Hydro test HT 1000 photometer. The result showed that the parameters were within the recommended World Health Organisation (WHO) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limits except for salinity and apparent colour. Analyses for metals and arsenic were conducted using the Varian Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Varian ASS 240 FS). All the metals analysed were within the standards set by WHO and USEPA but the level of arsenic was above limit. The level of total coliforms and faecal coliforms were determined at the Intertek Service Limited, Tarkwa. The result showed that the levels were within the standards set by WHO and USEPA. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated using the analysed water parameters. High levels of arsenic and salinity in the water renders it unsafe for drinking. Treatment of the water to reduce the arsenic and salinity levels to the standards set by WHO and USEPA will make it suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes.</text>
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                <text>SA Ndur, H Osei, CE Abbey, Theophilus Joe-Asare</text>
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                <text>Arsenic (As) has the potential to negatively affect soils and groundwater quality, and cause several public health challenges. It is usually concentrated and released during metal mining of ores that contains arsenic-bearing minerals. Remediation strategies are in place to avoid pollution. In this study, bauxite from Awaso, Ghana, was characterised, and its ability to sequester As was tested under varying conditions of temperature, Eh and pH. The study showed that the best particle size in the range utilised was 80% passing 2 mm as it allowed easy percolation, and As removal was about 95%. The reaction is a favourable pseudo-second order reaction that is spontaneous and thermodynamically stable and compares well with the Langmuir Sorption Isotherm. About 80% sorption was achieved within 20 minutes of contact with low desorption rate of less than 1.8%. The study thus concludes that bauxite is a good filter for arsenic.</text>
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                <text>Relationships among causal factors influencing mine accidents using structural equation modelling</text>
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                <text>Theophilus Joe-Asare, Eric Stemn, Newton Amegbey</text>
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                <text>Accidents occur due to a series of interactions between deficiencies within the various levels of a sociotechnical system. Quantifying the relationship between upper and lower levels helps develop accident countermeasures focusing on significant organisational latent conditions. This study explores the relationship between the causal factors of accidents within Ghanaian mines using SEM. Data obtained from the analysis of incident reports using HFACS-GMI were quantified to enable its use in the SEM software, as SEM calculations cannot be done using a 0/1 description. The study also tests five hypotheses, including the basic assumption of the HFACS model. The case study results showed that organisational factors significantly influence workplace/individual conditions; upper causal categories do not only influence adjacent immediate lower causal categories, and partial correlations exist between causal …</text>
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                <text>To present information such as causes of accidents and their consequences on the Ghanaian mining industry in the safety literature, classification schemes for incident analysis within the safety literature were studied. Human Factor Analysis and Classification Scheme (HFACS) emerged suitable for incident analysis. Base on its suitability for incident analysis within the Ghanaian Mining Industry (GMI), a derivative of the HFACS, namely HFACS-GMI, was proposed. This research seeks to study the usefulness and the applicability of the HFACS-GMI. Collectively, 56 incident investigation reports were obtained from an open cast gold mine in Ghana and analysed using the HFACS-GMI. Two cases, an equipment damage incident and an injury incident, were used to demonstrate the coding processing in identifying the causal factors. The analysis shows that most mishaps are associated with adverse workplace/operator conditions (151 references), with the physical environment (72.2%) being cited as the major causal code under the tier. Management decision showed a major contribution (74.1%) to mishap under the causal codes. Most cases were attributed to mistake error (57.4%) followed by the contravention (51.1%) of set rules and procedures with the operator's act tiers. Inadequate work standards (27.8%) and failure to ensure competency (24.1%) under the operational process and leadership flaw causal codes, respectively, were identified as the most cited nanocode. Management decision is critical in a mishap and should be given much attention in developing accident prevention strategies. The study has demonstrated that HFACS-GMI is …</text>
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                <text>The influence of accident manuals on the effectiveness of accident investigations–An analysis of accident management documents of Ghanaian mines</text>
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                <text>Accident investigations are mostly driven by policies and procedures laid down in an organisation’s incident management document. Such document determines the objective, scope, direction and focus of the investigation, and therefore influence the effectiveness of the investigation. This research sought to examine accident management documents and determine their effects on the effectiveness of investigation in Ghanaian mines. Twelve documents were collected from five large-scale Ghanaian mines and analysed using an integration of inductive and deductive approaches. The documents were analysed based on three major evaluation criteria, namely, the system of investigation, investigation process/activities and characteristics of the method investigation. Results showed that, when investigating an incident, all the mines focused on identifying the problem, with limited focus on proposing and implementing …</text>
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                <text>Incident causal factors and the reasons for conducting investigations: a study of five ghanaian large-scale mines</text>
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                <text>Eric Stemn, Florence Ntsiful, Marconi Afenyo Azadah, Theophilus Joe-Asare</text>
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                <text>Background&#13;
This research sought to understand the perspective of mineworkers regarding incident investigations, with the objective of identifying incident investigations improvement opportunities. First, through interviews, the research sought to identify the causal factors considered during investigations and the reasons for conducting investigations in the Ghanaian mining industry. Secondly, through questionnaire surveys, the study focused on understanding the extent to which a large sample of mineworkers considered the identified causal factors and investigation reasons relevant and applicable in their mine.&#13;
Method&#13;
Data were collected from 41 participants through interviews and 659 respondents through surveys, and the data were analyzed through thematic, content, and statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and correlation analysis.&#13;
Result&#13;
The interviews led to the identification of five and nine categories of incident causal factors and reasons for investigating incidents, respectively. The results suggested a focus on workers’ unsafe acts as the main incident causal factor and identifying the person who caused the incident as one of the major reasons for investigating incidents, as these two factors where the modal choice from both the interviews and survey across all five mines. The results further showed that concerning the accident causal factors and the reasons for investigating incidents, no significant difference was observed between the perspectives of mineworkers involved in investigations and mineworkers with no investigation responsibilities.&#13;
Conclusion&#13;
It can be concluded from the results that talking …</text>
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                <text>Human factor analysis framework for Ghana’s mining industry</text>
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                <text>Theophilus Joe-Asare, Newton Amegbey, Eric Stemn</text>
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                <text>In an attempt to incorporate human factors into technical failures as accident causal factors, researchers have promoted the concept of human factor analysis. Human factor analysis models seek to identify latent conditions within the system that influence the operator’s action to trigger an accident. For an effective application of human factor analysis models, a domain-specific model is recommended. Most existing models are developed with category/subcategory peculiar to a particular domain. This presents challenges and hinders effective application outside the domain developed for. This paper sought to propose a human factor analysis framework for Ghana’s mining industry. A comparative study was carried out between three dominated accident causation models and investigation methods in literature; AcciMap, HFACS, and STAMP. The comparative assessment showed that HFACS is suitable for incident data analysis based on the following reason; ease of learning and use, suitability for multiple incident analysis and statistical quantification of trends and patterns, and high inter and intra-coder reliability. A thorough study was done on HFACS and its derivative. Based on recommendations and research findings on HFACS from literature, Human Factor Analysis, and Classification System–Ghana Mining Industry (HFACS-GMI) was proposed. The HFACS-GMI has 4 tiers, namely; External influence/factor, Organisational factor, Local Workplace/Individual Condition and, Unsafe Act. A partial list of causal factors under each tier was generated to serve as a guide during incident coding and investigation. The HFACS-GMI consists of 18 …</text>
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                <text>Ghana Mining Journal</text>
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                <text>Causal and contributing factors of accidents in the Ghanaian mining industry</text>
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                <text>Theophilus Joe-Asare, Eric Stemn, Newton Amegbey</text>
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                <text>Analysing accidents reveals trends, patterns, and causes to focus on when developing accident countermeasures. This study aimed to analyse the causal and contributory factors of accidents within Ghanaian gold mines. 701 accident investigation reports were collected from 7 large-scale mine sites. The reports were classified and coded using the human factor analysis and classification system adopted for the Ghana mining industry to identify the causes of accidents, taking into account the severity levels of the accidents. Unlike previous studies that focused mostly on high-consequence accidents, this study considered accidents of different severities to determine if associations exist between the severity levels and the causal factors. The results revealed that the majority of the causes of accidents were at the workplace/operator conditions tier. Specifically, leadership flaws were associated with accidents of high …</text>
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