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                <text>Theory of capital structure decision: Overview of the banking industry</text>
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                <text>Peter Yao Lartey, Santosh Rupa Jaladi, Stephen Owusu Afriyie</text>
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                <text>The relevance of capital structure decision in the banking sector is documented in this paper. It contributes to existing literature in a review of previous empirical studies and fundamental theories of capital structure. The study underscored the factors influencing the choice of funding in connection with the market timing theories such as Pecking Order theory and the trade-of-theory. Our investigation suggest that, the choice of capital vary across sectors and industries on the basis of business risks, corporate governance, profitability, internal controls, and efficiency. The study observed that most empirical researchers universally endorsed asset structure, industry volatility, corporate taxes and firm growth as strong determinants of capital structure. The above issues may either improve the solvency position of a form or trigger major financial distress depending on the source of capital.</text>
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                <text>Bearing of credit risk management on financial performance: Evidence from financial institutions in Ghana</text>
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                <text>Michael Owusu Akomeah, Yusheng Kong, Xuhua Hu, Stephen Owusu Afriyie</text>
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                <text>Effective management of working capital is an essential indicator of a good financial health of an organization. This means managing working capital is important for the smooth running of a firm. Giving the significance of working capital, this paper examines the effect of working capital management on listed manufacturing firms in Ghana based on quantitative analysis of stock market data. A five-year data was sourced from the financial statements of twelve (12) manufacturing companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). The profitability ratios; Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) were computed, as well as the components of working capital, which were used to calculate Cash Conversion Cycle. The Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) was used to measure working capital, whereas the profitability ratios were used to determine the companies‟ profitability. We observed that whereas 9 firms have statistically significant relation between CCC and profitability, the rest of the firms had an insignificant relationship.</text>
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                <text>An empirical analysis of the relationship between leadership and organizational performance</text>
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                <text>Patrick Obeng Danso, Yusheng Kong, Michael Owusu Akomeah, Stephen Owusu Afriyie</text>
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                <text>The concept and definition of leadership style may differ from one person, or situation, to the other. The word “leadership” has been used in various aspects of human endeavor such as politics, businesses, academics, social works, etc. Previous views about leadership show it as personal ability. Messick &amp; Kramer,(2011) argued that the degree to which the individual exhibits leadership traits depends not only on his characteristics and personal abilities, but also on the characteristics of the situation and environment in which he finds himself. Among the objectives of any small enterprise are profit making and attainment of maturity and liquidity status. In the pursuit of these objectives, enterprises allocate scarce resources to competing ends. In this regard the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between leadership and organizational performance. For the purpose of the study, transactional and transformational leadership were the main focus. The study used 10 SMEs which include 5 small scale enterprises and 5 medium scale enterprises excluding manufacturing enterprises. It was found in the study that leadership plays a key role in organizational performance. The study revealed that though both transactional and transformational leadership plays a key role in organizational performance, transformational leadership is more effective on organizational performance than that of transactional leadership.</text>
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                <text>Corporate governance issues in the public sector: board perspective and peculiarities</text>
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                <text>Peter Yao Lartey, Yusheng Kong, Stephen Afriyie, Rupa Jaladi Santosh, Fatoumata Binta Maci Bah</text>
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                <text>Goal: the objective of the paper is to extend the discussions on corporate governance to the public sector and examine good governance from a Ghanaian institutional context.&#13;
Design/Methodology/Approach: literature is based on relevant theoretical concepts and seven explanatory variables of corporate governance. Primary data was abstained through structured questionnaires administered to public servants from the Ministries, Departments and Agencies–MDA’s in Accra. Ordinary Least Square multiple regression was employed to analyze a total valid sample of 568. The findings represent the opinions of board of directors, internal auditors, senior management and employees.&#13;
Results: the empirical result shows that audit committees, leadership, board effectiveness, accountability and directors’ qualification are strong determinants of good governance in public organizations. However, board size has no impact on good governance when board independence is negative. There is evidence that international corporate governance principles are reasonably visible without any significant deviations.</text>
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                <text>Recent advances in internal control: Soft control overcoming the limits of hard control</text>
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                <text>Peter Yao Lartey, Isaac Gumah Akolgo, Santosh Rupa Jaladi, Selorm Ayeduvor, Stephen Owusu Afriyie</text>
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                <text>Uncertainties and risks continue to pose a threat to governance and internal control, impeding public sector modernization and essential service delivery. Attempts to develop alternative strategies to meet desired results in highly bureaucratic institutional environments such as the public sector are intensifying because ideas and principles matter. This study advances informal" soft control" as a substitute for formal" hard control" in four dimensions:(a) creates a clear difference between" soft" and" hard" control;(b) designs key determinants of informal" soft" control;(c) limitations of formal" hard" control; and (d) a conceptual framework and hypotheses to support future empirical research and “operationalization” of the proposed constructs. Critical observations imply that the increasing cases of corporate malpractice and consequential non-alignments with best practises in recent times are sufficient evidence to suggest that formal control is incapable of mitigating financial crimes, irregularities, and preventing complex accounting scandals classified as white-collar fraud. The causes of these control failures are attributed to overreliance on" hard control" which primarily works with sanctions and the neglect of informal control mechanisms" soft controls". This condition has limited the ability of auditors to uncover systematic failures of controls that are process-specific, resulting in a partial and incomplete evaluation of internal controls. The study assumed a theoretical approach due to the lack of existing empirical research on “soft control”. However, this observations form a solid theoretical foundation for further discussions. We argue that" tone at the top," …</text>
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                <text>Corporate social responsibility factors, environment and corporate sustainability: Specific overview of India and China</text>
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                <text>Peter Yao Lartey, Junguo Shi, Santosh Rupa Jaladi, Stephen Owusu Afriyie</text>
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                <text>Corporate social responsibility represents the relationship between business and society. The significant benefits of being socially and environmentally responsible are the focus of this paper. This review emphasized the business oriented notion of Corporate Social Responsibility, where the idea is captured to justify existing arguments supportive of community and environmental programs. The review attempted to clarify major research questions:(1) why do businesses engage in society initiatives;(2) what inspires the decisions to support the society–a specific comparison highlighted between China and India. The study featured various CSR and sustainability regulations currently in force in different countries. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the review begun with overview of CSR based on well-established definitions and subsequently discussed the two major perspectives; the free market theory and CSR theory. This gave a clears explanation of why some businesses invest their resources to benefit the society while others are profit seeking. Finally, the paper sought to establish the integration of CSR with corporate sustainability. The findings suggest that, contemporary CSR programs are largely influenced by regulations and legal provisions across the world. And ideally, a firm’s CSR performance is influenced by internal and external factors which are captured in stakeholder theory and institutional theory. The findings, validate the ascension that the integration of CSR with corporate sustainability (CS) could produce a coherent platform to advance environmental sustainability.</text>
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                <text>Peter Yao Lartey, Junguo Shi, Rupa Jaladi Santosh, Stephen Owusu Afriyie, Isaac Akolgo Gumah, Mansuur Husein, Fatoumata Binta Maci Bah</text>
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                <text>This chapter incorporates the relevance of tacit knowledge and highlights some major barriers to knowledge sharing. Knowledge transfer is action through which; information, skills, expertise and experience is exchanged among people in an organization and it is a valuable and tangible asset for creating sustainability, performance and competitive advantage. From what is currently known, knowledge sharing activities occur generally with the support of knowledge systems designed by the board and knowledge managers. It is suggested that technology is one of the tools that support knowledge sharing, though other factors exist, such as organizational culture, trust, leadership and management philosophy, incentives and internal control systems. In this study, the researchers explore possible knowledge sharing opportunities and associated barriers, starting from top management to employees. The main purpose of this chapter is to look at how tacit knowledge affects organizational success. The chapter also covers ways to promote knowledge transfer in order to improve organizational performance and innovation. The discussion elaborated on the significance of tacit knowledge in a way that previous literature does not. It is emphasized that, from a resource-based view, businesses gain competitive advantage when they value and retain their existing tacit knowledge, as explicit knowledge is already known to everyone. According to the study, important variables such as corporate culture, individual employees, technology, and organizational internal factors are potential hurdles that must be examined to minimize the impact on organizational …</text>
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                <text>Application of BCG as a strategic planning tool to assess the sustainability and growth of university programs in a competitive market</text>
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                <text>Stephen Owusu Afriyie, Yusheng Kong, Michael Owusu Akomeah, Kingsley Appiah, Patrick Obeng Danso</text>
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                <text>With regards to the competitive environment for consumer demand, it is imperative for organizations to utilize reputed models for tactical resource allocation to different strategic business units and products. The work describes and explains the BCG portfolio matrix model to assess five Ghanaian university programs. Effective implementation of the BCG model helps the institution of higher education to achieve the finest status from the viewpoint of competitive positions in the market. The model helps institutions choose which markets and business units to finance on the basis of two features-competitiveness and market attractiveness; with the fundamental drivers for these factors being market share and growth rate respectively. Therefore, for the survival and growth of the product, the firm needs to adopt some effective and operative strategies, and also invests in areas like research and development which will enhance new ideas. Of course, the technological and innovative aspects should also not be disregarded. These strategies will enhance an innovative brand in the existing market which will help the product gain a competitive advantage. This paper attempts to analyse the business model, BCG and how it can seek to promote sustainability and growth of the university programs in a competitive market.</text>
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                <text>Verifying the impact of corporate governance on hospital performance on HIV and malaria control: A structural equation modelling approach</text>
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                <text>Stephen Owusu Afriyie, Yusheng Kong, Benjamin Chris Ampimah, Collins Danso Akuamoah, Leslie Nii Otu Vanderpuije, Zhao Xinlei</text>
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                <text>Background&#13;
The research aims to study the impact of corporate governance on hospital performance regarding HIV and malaria control, using the Ghana health industry as a case. The nation is making frantic effort to control HIV and malaria, since they continue to be among the deadliest diseases that attract holistic attention; hence, there is the need to put structures in place to curb the spread.&#13;
Methods&#13;
A total of 1005 precoded questionnaires were administered to 125 hospitals, for responses from staff, managers, board, and chief executive officers (CEOs). The collated data were analysed using structural equation modelling approach.&#13;
Results&#13;
Our research revealed that corporate governance has a positive effect on hospital performance, regarding the control of the two deadly diseases (HIV and malaria). The interventions in Ghana health delivery have brought a level of improvement in malaria control, since the …</text>
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                <text>Credit risk management system of commercial banks: an analysis of the process</text>
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                <text>Stephen Owusu Afriyie, Kong Yusheng, Li Kaodui, Ayamba Emmanuel Caesar, M Owusu-Akomeah</text>
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                <text>Credit risk is the risk that a financial institution will incur losses because the financial position of a borrower has deteriorated to the point that the value of an asset (including off-balance-sheet assets) is reduced or extinguished. The purpose of this work is to expatiate strategies to mitigate challenges resulting from unpaid loans, which could be used further in understanding the components of credit risk management (CRM) system of commercial banks (CBs) in a less developed economy. This was accomplished through the use of both primary (interviews) and secondary (various relevant documents) information from CBs and key management officials dealing with credit management. The investigation proved that credit risk can be managed and minimized when formidable strategic approaches are implemented and adhered to. This implies that the strategy operated by a bank is an important consideration for a CRM system to be successful. Ghana, a less developed economy, provides an excellent case for studying how CBs operating in economies with less developed financial sector manage their credit risk.</text>
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                <text>European Centre for Research Training and Development UK</text>
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